Comets are small, icy bodies that orbit the Sun. They are composed of frozen gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia, and dust. When a comet approaches the Sun, the heat from the Sun causes the gases to vaporize and the dust to be blown away by the solar wind. This creates a coma, or glowing head, around the comet. The coma can be up to 100,000 kilometers in diameter.

As the comet gets closer to the Sun, the solar wind also blows the dust away from the nucleus, creating a tail. The tail can be up to 100 million kilometers long. Comets have two types of tails: ion tails and dust tails. Ion tails are composed of ionized gases and are always pointed away from the Sun. Dust tails are composed of dust particles and are usually curved.

The morphology of a comet depends on a number of factors, including the size of the nucleus, the composition of the gases and dust, and the distance from the Sun. Comets that are far from the Sun have small comas and tails. As they get closer to the Sun, their comas and tails become larger. Comets that are composed of a lot of dust have brighter tails than comets that are composed of a lot of gas.

Comets are often classified by their morphology. The three main types of comets are:

Type I comets have small, bright nuclei and short tails. They are composed of a lot of dust and gas.
Type II comets have large, faint nuclei and long tails. They are composed of a lot of gas and little dust.
Type III comets have small, dark nuclei and no tails. They are composed of a lot of dust and little gas.

Comets are an important part of the Solar System. They provide us with information about the early history of the Solar System and the composition of the planets. Comets are also a beautiful sight to behold, and they have been inspiring awe and wonder in people for centuries.

Table of Contents

Cometary Morphology Parameters

The following table lists some of the morphological parameters of comets:

Parameter	Description
Nucleus size	The diameter of the comet’s nucleus
Coma size	The diameter of the comet’s coma
Tail length	The length of the comet’s tail
Tail type	The type of the comet’s tail (ion or dust)
Brightness	The brightness of the comet’s coma and tail

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q: What is a comet?
A: A comet is a small, icy body that orbits the Sun. Comets are composed of frozen gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia, and dust.

Q: What is the difference between a comet and an asteroid?
A: Comets are composed of frozen gases and dust, while asteroids are composed of rock and metal. Comets have a coma and a tail, while asteroids do not.

Q: Why do comets have tails?
A: When a comet approaches the Sun, the heat from the Sun causes the gases to vaporize and the dust to be blown away by the solar wind. This creates a coma, or glowing head, around the comet. The coma can be up to 100,000 kilometers in diameter. As the comet gets closer to the Sun, the solar wind also blows the dust away from the nucleus, creating a tail. The tail can be up to 100 million kilometers long.

References

[Comets: A Primer](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ comets/overview/)
The Morphology of Comets

Astronomy at Arizona

Astronomy at the University of Arizona is a thriving field, with renowned faculty, state-of-the-art facilities, and a long history of groundbreaking research. The Steward Observatory, established in 1894, is home to the Department of Astronomy, which offers undergraduate and graduate programs in astrophysics, planetary science, and astronomy education. Researchers at the observatory have made significant contributions to understanding the universe, including the discovery of galaxies beyond our own, the measurement of the expansion of the universe, and the study of exoplanets. The university also boasts the Kuiper Belt Telescope, located on Mount Bigelow in the Santa Catalina Mountains, which is used to study distant objects in the outer solar system. With its exceptional research environment, Arizona is a leading destination for students and scholars in the field of astronomy.

Cometary Science

Cometary science is the field of astronomy dealing with the study of comets. It is a branch of planetary science, and is interdisciplinary, involving the fields of astronomy, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, and physics.

Comets are small, icy bodies that orbit the Sun. They are composed of a mixture of ice and rock, and are believed to be remnants from the formation of the Solar System. Comets are typically classified into two types: short-period comets and long-period comets. Short-period comets have orbital periods of less than 200 years, while long-period comets have orbital periods of more than 200 years.

Cometary science is important because comets provide valuable information about the origins and evolution of the Solar System. The study of comets can provide insights into the composition of the solar nebula, the processes that led to the formation of the planets, and the sources of organic molecules in the solar system. Comets can also provide information about the solar wind and the interplanetary medium.

Arizona Astronomers

Arizona has a long and distinguished history of astronomy, with many notable astronomers working in the state. Some of the most famous Arizona astronomers include:

Clyde Tombaugh (1906-1997): Discovered Pluto in 1930.
Gerard Kuiper (1905-1973): Pioneered the study of the Kuiper Belt.
Eugene Shoemaker (1928-1997): Co-discovered comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which collided with Jupiter in 1994.
Carolyn Shoemaker (1929-2021): Co-discovered comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with her husband, Eugene.
David Levy (b. 1948): Co-discovered comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Eugene and Carolyn Shoemaker.

These astronomers have made significant contributions to our understanding of the solar system and beyond. Their work has helped us to learn more about the planets, moons, asteroids, and comets that make up our cosmic neighborhood.

Comet Observing in Arizona

Arizona’s clear skies and high elevations make it an ideal destination for comet observing. Here are some notable locations:

Flagstaff: The Lowell Observatory offers guided tours and public observing events during cometary apparitions.
Mount Lemmon SkyCenter: Located on the outskirts of Tucson, this observatory provides guided stargazing tours and hosts comet observing sessions.
Kitt Peak National Observatory: Boasting a dark sky preserve, Kitt Peak offers public outreach programs and dedicated observing nights for comets.
Meteor Crater: This ancient impact site features a visitor center and offers night sky viewing events, including comet observations.
Sedona: Known for its red rock formations, Sedona provides excellent viewing opportunities for low-lying comets against the dramatic backdrop.

Astronomer in Arizona

An astronomer in Arizona discovers a new asteroid in the constellation of Orion. The astronomer, who is part of a team at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, used the Catalina Sky Survey telescope to make the discovery. The asteroid, which has been designated 2023 UA1, is about 200 meters in diameter and orbits the sun once every 3.4 years. This is the second asteroid discovered by the astronomer in Arizona, who is part of a team that has discovered over 1,000 asteroids. The discovery of 2023 UA1 is significant because it helps astronomers to better understand the population of asteroids in the solar system.

Visiting Astronomer Arizona

Visiting Astronomer Arizona (VZAZ) is a program that allows astronomers from around the world to observe the night sky using the telescopes at Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) and the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO). The program is open to all qualified astronomers, regardless of affiliation or nationality.

VZAZ provides successful applicants with observing time at KPNO and FLWO, as well as support with planning, data reduction, and interpretation. The program is a valuable resource for astronomers who do not have access to their own telescopes or who wish to use larger and more powerful telescopes than they have available.

VZAZ has been in operation for over 50 years and has supported the work of thousands of astronomers from around the world. The program has made significant contributions to our understanding of the universe, including the discovery of new planets, galaxies, and stars.

Arizona Astronomy Events

Arizona offers a multitude of astronomy events that cater to both seasoned stargazers and aspiring enthusiasts. From star parties to meteor showers to educational planetarium shows, there is something for everyone to enjoy.

Star Parties: Various organizations, such as the Phoenix Astronomical Society and Tucson Amateur Astronomy Association, host regular star parties at designated dark-sky sites. Attendees can observe planets, stars, and other celestial objects through telescopes and learn from experienced astronomers.
Meteor Showers: Arizona’s clear night skies are ideal for observing meteor showers, such as the Perseids, Geminids, and Quadrantids. Sky enthusiasts can gather at open fields or designated stargazing locations to witness these spectacular displays.
Planetarium Shows: Planetariums in Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff offer immersive educational shows that explore astronomy and space exploration topics. These shows provide an enjoyable and interactive way to learn about the wonders of the cosmos.
Observatory Tours: Several observatories in Arizona, including the Lowell Observatory and Mount Lemmon SkyCenter, offer guided tours that showcase their telescopes and research facilities. Visitors can learn about the latest discoveries and get a behind-the-scenes glimpse of scientific exploration.

Comet and Asteroid Research

Comets and asteroids are small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun. Comets are made of ice, dust, and rock, while asteroids are made mostly of rock and metal. Both types of objects can pose a threat to Earth, as they can collide with our planet.

Scientists are studying comets and asteroids to learn more about their composition, origin, and behavior. This research is important for developing strategies to protect Earth from potential impacts.

One of the most important areas of research is the study of the composition of comets and asteroids. Scientists want to know what these objects are made of in order to better understand their origins and how they have evolved over time. This research is also important for developing strategies to deflect or destroy comets and asteroids that pose a threat to Earth.

Another important area of research is the study of the orbits of comets and asteroids. Scientists want to know where these objects are located and how they move so that they can better predict their future paths. This research is important for developing strategies to prevent comets and asteroids from colliding with Earth.

Finally, scientists are also studying the effects of comet and asteroid impacts on Earth. This research is important for understanding the potential consequences of a comet or asteroid impact and for developing strategies to mitigate the effects of such an event.

Comet and Planet Formation

Comets and planets both formed from the same raw materials in the early solar system: dust and gas. However, their fates diverged as the solar system evolved.

Comets: Comets are small, icy bodies that orbit the Sun in highly eccentric orbits. They are composed mostly of frozen gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia, and they contain a small amount of dust. Comets are thought to have formed in the outer solar system, where it was too cold for volatile gases to condense into solids. As the solar system evolved, the gravitational pull of the giant planets scattered many comets into the outer regions of the solar system.
Planets: Planets are large, rocky bodies that orbit the Sun in nearly circular orbits. They are composed mostly of rock and metal, and they have a relatively small amount of ice. Planets are thought to have formed in the inner solar system, where it was warm enough for volatile gases to condense into solids. As the solar system evolved, the gravitational pull of the giant planets helped to shape the orbits of the planets and to prevent them from colliding with each other.